diff --git a/domain/modelling/scoring.py b/domain/modelling/scoring.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0558d8a
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+++ b/domain/modelling/scoring.py
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+"""Per-measure scoring — the telescoping marginal cascade (ADR-0016).
+
+`marginal_impacts` applies overlays one at a time in the given order and
+reports each measure's marginal contribution. It serves two of the three
+scoring roles:
+  - role 1 (per-Option optimiser signal): call per Option as a 1-element
+    sequence -> its independent-vs-baseline impact;
+  - role 3 (final-package display attribution): call once with the selected
+    overlays in best-practice order -> per-measure impacts that telescope
+    exactly to the whole-package total.
+
+Per-Option (role 1) figures are an approximate signal and must not be surfaced
+as a measure's true impact — only the final-package cascade (role 3) is
+truthful. The whole-package re-score (role 2) is `PackageScorer.score` directly.
+"""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Sequence
+
+from datatypes.epc.domain.epc_property_data import EpcPropertyData
+from domain.modelling.package_scorer import PackageScorer, Score
+from domain.modelling.recommendation import MeasureOption
+from domain.modelling.simulation import EpcSimulation
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class MeasureImpact:
+    """One measure's marginal contribution, signed so positive is always an
+    improvement: `sap_points` is the SAP gain; the savings are reductions
+    (baseline-at-this-step minus the new value)."""
+
+    sap_points: float
+    co2_savings_kg_per_yr: float
+    energy_savings_kwh_per_yr: float
+
+
+def marginal_impacts(
+    scorer: PackageScorer,
+    baseline: EpcPropertyData,
+    overlays: Sequence[EpcSimulation],
+) -> list[MeasureImpact]:
+    """Apply overlays cumulatively in order; return each one's marginal impact
+    over the running state. The marginals telescope to the whole-package total."""
+    impacts: list[MeasureImpact] = []
+    previous: Score = scorer.score(baseline, [])
+    for index in range(len(overlays)):
+        current: Score = scorer.score(baseline, list(overlays[: index + 1]))
+        impacts.append(
+            MeasureImpact(
+                sap_points=current.sap_continuous - previous.sap_continuous,
+                co2_savings_kg_per_yr=previous.co2_kg_per_yr - current.co2_kg_per_yr,
+                energy_savings_kwh_per_yr=(
+                    previous.primary_energy_kwh_per_yr
+                    - current.primary_energy_kwh_per_yr
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        previous = current
+    return impacts
+
+
+def independent_option_impacts(
+    scorer: PackageScorer,
+    baseline: EpcPropertyData,
+    options: Sequence[MeasureOption],
+) -> list[MeasureImpact]:
+    """Score each Option's overlay independently against the baseline (role 1 —
+    the optimiser's approximate input signal). Each *distinct* Simulation Overlay
+    is scored once (Options sharing an overlay reuse the result), so the baseline
+    is scored once plus one score per distinct overlay. Results follow the input
+    order. These figures are an approximate signal — never surface them as a
+    measure's true impact."""
+    base: Score = scorer.score(baseline, [])
+    scored: list[tuple[EpcSimulation, MeasureImpact]] = []
+    impacts: list[MeasureImpact] = []
+    for option in options:
+        cached = next(
+            (impact for overlay, impact in scored if overlay == option.overlay), None
+        )
+        if cached is None:
+            current: Score = scorer.score(baseline, [option.overlay])
+            cached = MeasureImpact(
+                sap_points=current.sap_continuous - base.sap_continuous,
+                co2_savings_kg_per_yr=base.co2_kg_per_yr - current.co2_kg_per_yr,
+                energy_savings_kwh_per_yr=(
+                    base.primary_energy_kwh_per_yr - current.primary_energy_kwh_per_yr
+                ),
+            )
+            scored.append((option.overlay, cached))
+        impacts.append(cached)
+    return impacts
diff --git a/tests/domain/modelling/test_scoring.py b/tests/domain/modelling/test_scoring.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af286018
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/domain/modelling/test_scoring.py
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+"""Behaviour of per-measure scoring: the telescoping marginal cascade that
+serves both the per-Option optimiser signal (role 1) and the final-package
+display attribution (role 3) — ADR-0016. Exercises the real calculator on a
+hand-built EPD; no PDF/parser involved.
+"""
+
+from typing import Sequence
+
+from datatypes.epc.domain.epc_property_data import (
+    BuildingPartIdentifier,
+    EpcPropertyData,
+)
+from domain.modelling.package_scorer import PackageScorer, Score
+from domain.modelling.recommendation import MeasureOption
+from domain.modelling.scoring import (
+    MeasureImpact,
+    independent_option_impacts,
+    marginal_impacts,
+)
+from domain.modelling.simulation import BuildingPartOverlay, EpcSimulation
+from domain.sap10_calculator.calculator import Sap10Calculator
+from tests.domain.sap10_calculator.worksheet._elmhurst_worksheet_000490 import (
+    build_epc,
+)
+
+_MAIN_CAVITY = EpcSimulation(
+    building_parts={
+        BuildingPartIdentifier.MAIN: BuildingPartOverlay(wall_insulation_type=2)
+    }
+)
+_EXT1_CAVITY = EpcSimulation(
+    building_parts={
+        BuildingPartIdentifier.EXTENSION_1: BuildingPartOverlay(wall_insulation_type=2)
+    }
+)
+
+
+class _CountingScorer(PackageScorer):
+    """A PackageScorer stand-in that counts score() calls; the score is a
+    deterministic function of the overlays so distinct overlays differ."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.calls = 0
+
+    def score(
+        self, baseline: EpcPropertyData, simulations: Sequence[EpcSimulation]
+    ) -> Score:
+        self.calls += 1
+        total = 0.0
+        for sim in simulations:
+            for overlay in sim.building_parts.values():
+                total += overlay.wall_insulation_type or 0
+        return Score(
+            sap_continuous=total, co2_kg_per_yr=0.0, primary_energy_kwh_per_yr=0.0
+        )
+
+
+def _option(overlay: EpcSimulation) -> MeasureOption:
+    return MeasureOption(
+        measure_type="cavity_wall_insulation", description="opt", overlay=overlay
+    )
+
+
+def test_independent_option_impacts_score_each_distinct_overlay_once() -> None:
+    # Arrange
+    baseline: EpcPropertyData = build_epc()
+    scorer = _CountingScorer()
+    overlay_a = EpcSimulation(
+        building_parts={
+            BuildingPartIdentifier.MAIN: BuildingPartOverlay(wall_insulation_type=2)
+        }
+    )
+    overlay_a_dup = EpcSimulation(
+        building_parts={
+            BuildingPartIdentifier.MAIN: BuildingPartOverlay(wall_insulation_type=2)
+        }
+    )
+    overlay_b = EpcSimulation(
+        building_parts={
+            BuildingPartIdentifier.MAIN: BuildingPartOverlay(wall_insulation_type=3)
+        }
+    )
+    options = [_option(overlay_a), _option(overlay_a_dup), _option(overlay_b)]
+
+    # Act
+    impacts: list[MeasureImpact] = independent_option_impacts(
+        scorer, baseline, options
+    )
+
+    # Assert
+    # baseline scored once + one score per DISTINCT overlay (a, b) = 3, not 4
+    assert scorer.calls == 3
+    assert impacts[0].sap_points == impacts[1].sap_points == 2.0
+    assert impacts[2].sap_points == 3.0
+
+
+def test_single_overlay_marginal_is_its_improvement_over_baseline() -> None:
+    # Arrange
+    baseline: EpcPropertyData = build_epc()
+    scorer = PackageScorer(Sap10Calculator())
+    base: Score = scorer.score(baseline, [])
+    filled: Score = scorer.score(baseline, [_MAIN_CAVITY])
+
+    # Act
+    impacts: list[MeasureImpact] = marginal_impacts(scorer, baseline, [_MAIN_CAVITY])
+
+    # Assert
+    assert len(impacts) == 1
+    assert impacts[0].sap_points > 0  # cavity fill improves SAP
+    assert (
+        abs(impacts[0].sap_points - (filled.sap_continuous - base.sap_continuous))
+        <= 1e-9
+    )
+
+
+def test_marginals_telescope_to_the_whole_package_total() -> None:
+    # Arrange
+    baseline: EpcPropertyData = build_epc()
+    scorer = PackageScorer(Sap10Calculator())
+    overlays = [_MAIN_CAVITY, _EXT1_CAVITY]
+    base: Score = scorer.score(baseline, [])
+    full: Score = scorer.score(baseline, overlays)
+
+    # Act
+    impacts: list[MeasureImpact] = marginal_impacts(scorer, baseline, overlays)
+
+    # Assert
+    assert len(impacts) == 2
+    assert (
+        abs(
+            sum(i.sap_points for i in impacts)
+            - (full.sap_continuous - base.sap_continuous)
+        )
+        <= 1e-9
+    )
+    assert (
+        abs(
+            sum(i.energy_savings_kwh_per_yr for i in impacts)
+            - (base.primary_energy_kwh_per_yr - full.primary_energy_kwh_per_yr)
+        )
+        <= 1e-6
+    )